43 research outputs found
Robustness of scale-free networks to cascading failures induced by fluctuating loads
Taking into account the fact that overload failures in real-world functional
networks are usually caused by extreme values of temporally fluctuating loads
that exceed the allowable range, we study the robustness of scale-free networks
against cascading overload failures induced by fluctuating loads. In our model,
loads are described by random walkers moving on a network and a node fails when
the number of walkers on the node is beyond the node capacity. Our results
obtained by using the generating function method shows that scale-free networks
are more robust against cascading overload failures than Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi
random graphs with homogeneous degree distributions. This conclusion is
contrary to that predicted by previous works which neglect the effect of
fluctuations of loads.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure
Scale-free networks embedded in fractal space
The impact of inhomogeneous arrangement of nodes in space on network
organization cannot be neglected in most of real-world scale-free networks.
Here, we wish to suggest a model for a geographical network with nodes embedded
in a fractal space in which we can tune the network heterogeneity by varying
the strength of the spatial embedding. When the nodes in such networks have
power-law distributed intrinsic weights, the networks are scale-free with the
degree distribution exponent decreasing with increasing fractal dimension if
the spatial embedding is strong enough, while the weakly embedded networks are
still scale-free but the degree exponent is equal to regardless of
the fractal dimension. We show that this phenomenon is related to the
transition from a non-compact to compact phase of the network and that this
transition is related to the divergence of the edge length fluctuations. We
test our analytically derived predictions on the real-world example of networks
describing the soil porous architecture.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figure
Fractality and degree correlations in scale-free networks
Fractal scale-free networks are empirically known to exhibit disassortative
degree mixing. It is, however, not obvious whether a negative degree
correlation between nearest neighbor nodes makes a scale-free network fractal.
Here we examine the possibility that disassortativity in complex networks is
the origin of fractality. To this end, maximally disassortative (MD) networks
are prepared by rewiring edges while keeping the degree sequence of an initial
uncorrelated scale-free network that is guaranteed to become fractal by
rewiring edges. Our results show that most of MD networks with different
topologies are not fractal, which demonstrates that disassortativity does not
cause the fractal property of networks. In addition, we suggest that fractality
of scale-free networks requires a long-range repulsive correlation in similar
degrees.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure
Bifractality of fractal scale-free networks
The presence of large-scale real-world networks with various architectures
has motivated an active research towards a unified understanding of diverse
topologies of networks. Such studies have revealed that many networks with the
scale-free and fractal properties exhibit the structural multifractality, some
of which are actually bifractal. Bifractality is a particular case of the
multifractal property, where only two local fractal dimensions
and ) suffice to explain the structural inhomogeneity
of a network. In this work, we investigate analytically and numerically the
multifractal property of a wide range of fractal scale-free networks (FSFNs)
including deterministic hierarchical, stochastic hierarchical,
non-hierarchical, and real-world FSFNs. The results show that all these
networks possess the bifractal nature. We infer from this fact that any FSFN is
bifractal. Furthermore, we find that in the thermodynamic limit the lower local
fractal dimension describes substructures around
infinitely high-degree hub nodes and finite-degree nodes at finite distances
from these hub nodes, whereas characterizes local
fractality around finite-degree nodes infinitely far from the infinite-degree
hub nodes. Since the bifractal nature of FSFNs may strongly influence
time-dependent phenomena on FSFNs, our results will be useful for understanding
dynamics such as information diffusion and synchronization on FSFNs from a
unified perspective.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure
Multifractality of complex networks
We demonstrate analytically and numerically the possibility that the fractal
property of a scale-free network cannot be characterized by a unique fractal
dimension and the network takes a multifractal structure. It is found that the
mass exponents for several deterministic, stochastic, and real-world
fractal scale-free networks are nonlinear functions of , which implies that
structural measures of these networks obey the multifractal scaling. In
addition, we give a general expression of for some class of fractal
scale-free networks by a mean-field approximation. The multifractal property of
network structures is a consequence of large fluctuations of local node density
in scale-free networks.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure
Persistent currents in Moebius strips
Relation between the geometry of a two-dimensional sample and its equilibrium
physical properties is exemplified here for a system of non-interacting
electrons on a Moebius strip. Dispersion relation for a clean sample is derived
and its persistent current under moderate disorder is elucidated, using
statistical analysis pertinent to a single sample experiment. The flux
periodicity is found to be distinct from that in a cylindrical sample, and the
essential role of disorder in the ability to experimentally identify a Moebius
strip is pointed out.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure